Social Capital Formation was a project of the SPNO that ran until from May 2001 until March 2002. The project undertook three community case studies in this research and development project. The goal was to synthesize the case study research into a Resource Guide for Social Capital Formation by Social Planning Councils that proposes a model of strategic practice in the use of bonding, bridging, and scaling-up strategies. As a result of this project, the Social and Economic Inclusion Initiative was born.